For healthcare professionals, information on the clinical differences between the major dementias to aid in differential diagnosis of alzheimers disease. Some tumors and infections in the brain vitamin b12 deficiency. Download button for current diagnosis and treatment 3rd edition pdf. Characteristics major depressive episode mde alzheimer type dementia ad. The articles prior to january 20 are part of the back file collection and are not available with a current paid subscription.
There is also the problem of differentiating dementia from normal ageing. The frontal behavioral inventory in the differential. The first stage is to establish a diagnosis of dementia whilst the second is to elucidate the cause of the dementia. Visioalgorithm guiding the differential dx of dementia. See the letter differential diagnosis of dementia on page 47c. Cerebrospinal fluid in the differential diagnosis of. Memory complaint or other decline in cognitive function history functional evaluation psychiatric assessment mental status exam neurologicalphysical exam caregiver. Evaluation of dementia differential diagnosis of symptoms bmj. Rapidly progressive dementias are conditions that typically cause dementia over weeks or months. The cornerstone of a comprehensive dementia evaluation is the neuropsychi atric assessment, which is outlined in table 2. Dealing with dementia behavior problems learning about memory care. A summary of multidisciplinary team approaches to dementia care is outlined, including management strategies for the treatment of cognitive impairments, functional deficits, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Mild cognitive impairment mci is an intermediate clinical state between normal cognition and dementia.
B08use of the latent dementia phenotype for differential. Differential diagnosis of dementia differential diagnosis. Assessment of dementia differential diagnosis of symptoms. D t tumors i infections a alcohol s sleep disorders and rarely seizures dementia. Age of onset can help in the differential diagnosis of dementia.
Current diagnosis and treatment neurology 3rd edition pdf free. In the present study the eeg patterns of vascular and degenerative cognitive impairment were investigated in order to find useful markers to the diagnosis of dementia. Depression and delirium, particularly hypoactive delirium, may present with apathy, withdrawal and tearfulness. The majority of cases of dementia have degenerative and vascular causes. Delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders, which the committee felt was unwieldy and did not represent a conceptual whole. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 644k, or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Dsmiv criteria for the diagnosis of dementia require the presence of multiple cognitive deficits in addition to memory impairment6. Key informants should include people who have a thorough knowledge at least 6 months of the person. Pdf differential diagnosis of dementia researchgate. Neurological differential diagnosis wiley online books.
All predictors were statistically significant p dementia differential diagnosis checklist person dob agency check all that apply. Differential diagnosis between dementia and psychiatric disorders. D druginduced e emotions depression especially m metabolic and endocrine issues e eyes and ears sensory problems n nutritional issues b12 and vit. Differential diagnosis between alzheimer type dementia and depression. Full text get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 285k, or click on a. Differential diagnosis figure 2summarizes an approach to the early diagnosis of dementia. The prevalence of dementia is approximately 1% at the age of 60 years, and doubles every 5 years, to reach 30% to 50% by the age of 85 years. Mar 20, 2018 cerebrospinal fluid csf biomarkers are increasingly being used to support a diagnosis of alzheimers disease ad. Microsoft word gu dementia differential diagnosis checklist. Mar 26, 2018 vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after alzheimer disease ad. It provides practical tips to guide clinicians through the initial diagnosis, current treatment options, and longterm complexities of caring for patients with cognitive decline. Pdf differential diagnosis of rapid progressive dementia.
Differential diagnostic considerations for dementia. The goal of this assessment is to obtain information that will enable the clinician to determine an initial impression, develop a differential diagnosis, and plan treatment. We aimed to determine the diagnostic utility of an extended panel of csf biomarkers to. While specific subtle changes in cognition can occur in normal aging, mci can also be a precursor to dementia. Early detection and differential diagnosis also facilitates informed family decision making and timely access to appropriate services. Criteria for the diagnosis of alzheimers type dementia and agerelated cognitive decline. The most common form of dementia in older adults is alzheimer disease ad, accounting for 60 to 80 percent of cases. Algorithm guiding the differential diagnosis of dementia no no source. Since the term altered mental status can be broad, categorizing the change as chronic or acute and then further classifying acute changes as fluctuating or nonfluctuating may be helpful. Differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia ftld using. In the diagnostic process, especially the differential diagnosis of ftld, neuroimaging provides a particularly useful tool.
Early in the disease, memory impairment may be the. Key words symptomatology, dementia, depression, delirium. Because large gaps still exist in current knowledge on the diagnosis of dementia, the panel has made specific recommendations for further research that will result in improving the differential diagnosis of dementing diseases. Alzheimers disease is the principle cause of dementia worldwide. Amyloid imaging in the differential diagnosis of dementia. Early and accurate diagnosis is essential, as many of the etiologies are treatable. Senile depression is often accompanied by cog nitive dysfunction. Differential diagnosis between dementia and psychiatric. Delirium occurs suddenly over a matter of hours or days and the symptoms tend to fluctuate throughout the day. The differential diagnosis of dementia includes depression and anxiety, thyroid disease and many other medical conditions. On the whole, we found a va luable contribution of the eeg to the diagnosis of dementia. As for causes of dementia other than ad, important points for differential diagnosis, particularly with regard to ad, are also mentioned.
Shown below is a white download button for current diagnosis and treatment 3rd edition pdf. The treatment of ftd and the genetics, pathology, and pathogenesis of ftd are discussed separately. Villemagne vl, okamura n, pejoska s, drago j, mulligan rs, chetelat g, et al. When assessing someone who has memory problems it is important for the clinician to remember that not all people with memory problems have. Their clinical utility for differentiating ad from nonad neurodegenerative dementias, such as dementia with lewy bodies dlb or frontotemporal dementia ftd, is less well established.
Differential diagnosis of dementia and depression in the. In a study, huntingtons disease hd was the most prevalent cause of dementia in people aged 45 to 65 years, with 18 cases per 100,000, followed by ad and ftd which both had a prevalence of 15 cases per 100,000. Differential diagnosis of dementia syndromes clinics in geriatric. Orthogonal contrasts between groups showed superior performance for depressives on most halsteadreitan subtests. The potential of gait analysis to contribute to differential. Definition, classification, and differential diagnosis. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 644k, or click on a page.
By presenting differential diagnosis in order of frequency and importance, this book provides a practical handbook for clinicians in training, as well as a potential resource for quick. We provide a description of the risk factors, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis of dementia. Distinguishing different dementias sta communications. In many cases, complaint of sadness is not evident.
A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Frontal assessment battery and differential diagnosis of. The most commonly affected areas include memory, visualspatial, language, attention and problem solving. Early diagnosis of dementia american family physician. This study examined the utility of the halsteadreitan neuropsychological battery in the differential diagnosis of dementia, major depression, and general neurological impairment. The frontal behavioral inventory in the differential diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia volume 6 issue 4 andrew kertesz, neelesh nadkarni, wilda davidson, alex w. In fact, the clinical evaluation of some functions may not be possible due to the lack of motivation of ftld patients. The symptoms of dementia vary across types and stages of the diagnosis.
Many causes of dementia, as well as other syndromes of cognitive impairment, can mimic the clinical state of dementia. Indeed, most patients with ftd also fulfilled the national insti. In this paper, the differential diagnoses of dementia and similar conditions, in particular senile depression and delirium, are described first, followed by the. Differential diagnosis depression, delirium and dementia. Differential diagnosis of dementia europe pmc article. Dementia with lewy bodies should be included in the differential diagnosis in individuals presenting with. Early differential diagnosis of dementia is becoming increasingly important as new pharmacologic therapies are developed, as these treatments are not equally effective for all types of dementia. The contribution of eeg to the diagnosis of dementia.
They are a particular challenge to neurologists as the differential diagnosis often is different from the more typical, slowly progressive dementias. Aug 08, 2019 imaging amyloid in parkinsons disease dementia and dementia with lewy bodies with positron emission tomography. The stages of dementia strategies for communicating with compassion and understanding communication and dementia. Due to the heterogeneity of patients and disorders, the diagnosis of dementia is challenging. Pdf there is a broad range of diseases underlying dementia, of which alzheimers disease is the most frequent in senile and presenile. Differential diagnosis in alzheimers disease and dementia with lewy bodies via vmat2 and amyloid imaging. Depression, dementia and delirium have some features in common. Oct 25, 20 this is an excellent overview of the differential diagnosis and treatment of patients with dementia. Metabolic, infectious, autoimmune, inflammatory, and genetic dementias represent a not negligible number of disorders, with increasing numbers in younger subjects. In part, this situation can be accounted for by the complexity of the diagnosis of dementia. The new term is simpler and encompasses a range of disorders in which the primaryprincipal manifestation is an acquired loss of. We have applied amyloid and fdgpet to over 200 patients followed in dementia research cohorts at the university of california san francisco memory and aging center as part of an ongoing study on the utility of these techniques in differential diagnosis.
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